Mastering the mechanics of sentence construction can be a crucial skill. One area that often causes confusion is the use of conjunctions, particularly subordinating conjunctions. These words serve as the link between clauses, but their function can be difficult to grasp without a deeper understanding. In this post, we’ll answer questions like “What is a subordinate conjunction?”, and explore common examples, their differences from coordinating conjunctions, and how to use them effectively in writing.
What is a Subordinating Conjunction?
A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects a dependent (or subordinate) clause to an independent clause. The key role of subordinating conjunctions is to show the relationship between the two clauses, indicating things like time, cause, contrast, condition, or purpose. The clause that follows a subordinating conjunction cannot stand alone as a complete sentence; it depends on the main clause to give it meaning.
For example, in the sentence “I went to bed early because I was tired,” the word “because” is a subordinating conjunction that links the dependent clause “because I was tired” to the independent clause “I went to bed early.” The dependent clause would not make sense without the independent clause, making the subordinating conjunction crucial for clarity.
What Are Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions?
There are many different subordinating conjunctions in English. These conjunctions help provide additional information and context for the main action or idea in a sentence. Some common subordinating conjunctions include:
- Because
- Although
- Since
- If
- When
- Unless
- While
- As
- Before
- After
- Even though
- In case
Each of these conjunctions adds a specific type of information, helping to shape the meaning of the sentence. For example:
- Because: Explains the reason – “I studied hard because I wanted to pass the exam.”
- Although: Introduces a contrast – “Although it was raining, I still went for a walk.”
- If: Indicates a condition – “If you study, you will pass the test.”
- When: Refers to time – “We will leave when the bell rings.”
- Unless: Shows a condition of exception – “I will go unless it rains.”
What is the Difference Between Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions?
To fully grasp the role of subordinating conjunctions, it’s important to understand how they differ from coordinating conjunctions, which are another key type of conjunction in English grammar.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect two independent clauses, which are both complete sentences on their own. The most common coordinating conjunctions are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so (often remembered by the acronym FANBOYS). These conjunctions join two ideas of equal importance. For example:
- I want to go to the park, but it’s raining.
- She was tired, so she went to bed early.
Here, both parts of the sentence are independent and could stand alone as complete sentences, but the conjunctions but and so link them together.
Subordinating Conjunctions
In contrast, subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause to an independent clause, as we discussed earlier. The dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence. The conjunction shows how the dependent clause relates to the main clause in terms of time, reason, condition, etc. For example:
- I went to the park because it was sunny. (Dependent clause: “because it was sunny” cannot stand alone.)
- If you study hard, you will pass your exams. (Dependent clause: “If you study hard” is not a complete sentence without the independent clause.)
The main difference, then, lies in the independence of the clauses: coordinating conjunctions link two equal clauses, while subordinating conjunctions link a dependent clause to a main clause.
What Are the 12 Subordinating Conjunctions?
While there are many subordinating conjunctions in English, here are twelve of the most commonly used ones that every student should know:
- Although – Indicates a contrast.
Example: Although it was late, he continued studying. - As – Used to indicate reason or time.
Example: She sang as she worked. - Because – Shows cause or reason.
Example: I stayed inside because it was raining. - Before – Refers to time.
Example: I need to leave before the meeting starts. - Even though – Expresses contrast.
Example: Even though she was tired, she kept working. - If – Introduces a condition.
Example: If I have time, I will help you. - In case – Indicates a situation that might happen.
Example: Bring your umbrella in case it rains. - Once – Refers to a specific time.
Example: Once you finish your homework, you can play. - Since – Indicates time or cause.
Example: Since I moved here, I’ve made many new friends. - Unless – Shows condition.
Example: I won’t go unless you ask me. - When – Refers to time.
Example: We will start when everyone arrives. - While – Indicates time or contrast.
Example: I listened to music while doing my homework.
These 12 subordinating conjunctions are just a start, but mastering them will help you craft more complex and nuanced sentences in your writing.
How to Use Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences
Subordinating conjunctions often introduce dependent clauses that can come before or after the independent clause. Here’s a look at how to structure sentences with subordinating conjunctions:
1. Dependent Clause First:
If the dependent clause comes first, it’s typically followed by a comma before the independent clause. For example:
- Although I was tired, I finished my essay.
2. Independent Clause First:
If the independent clause comes first, there is no need for a comma. For example:
- I finished my essay although I was tired.
Both sentence structures are correct, but the placement of the dependent clause can slightly affect the emphasis of the sentence.
Looking For Help With Your Essays?
Understanding what subordinating conjunctions are and how to use them correctly will enhance your ability to write more complex and sophisticated sentences.
For university students, especially those whose first language is not English, mastering these grammatical structures is a key step in improving academic writing for essays and dissertations. If you find yourself struggling with writing assignments, coursework, or essays, consider seeking professional help.
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